The quality of life, anxiety, and depression in adults with mild intellectual disability during lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
DOI: 10.54647/cm32685 101 Downloads 6616 Views
Author(s)
Abstract
Objective
The quality of life experiences of people with intellectual disability during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic have received less attention in outcome research in Greece. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived Quality of life perceptions, anxiety and depression, of individuals with a mild intellectual disability.
Method
A sample of 101 individuals aged from 18-25 who had previously been diagnosed by child psychiatric services as having a mild intellectual disability participated in this cross-sectional study examining the impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of clients of psychiatric services. Τhe relationship between variables of interest and participants’ demographic characteristics was also analyzed.
Results
Results showed that our sample reported moderate levels of quality of life, while expressing higher levels in the subscale of satisfaction and low levels of Independence. The employees of our sample referred higher satisfaction levels in comparison with the unemployed participants. We found also rather higher levels of anxiety and depression.
Conclusion
Results provide evidence that individuals with intellectual disabilities are able to give valid responses concerning the manner that they perceive their lives. Creation of basic data for further research is a future aim in case of a new outbreak. The future purpose is to create a database for further research in case of a new pandemic.
Keywords
quality of life, stress, depression, intellectual disability, COVID-19 pandemic
Cite this paper
Ioannis Paxinos, Dimitra Chaldi, Natalia Paxinou,
The quality of life, anxiety, and depression in adults with mild intellectual disability during lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
, SCIREA Journal of Clinical Medicine.
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2021 | PP. 625-651.
10.54647/cm32685
References
[ 1 ] | Venkatesh A. Social distancing in covid-19: What are the mental health implications? BMJ,2020; 369 doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1379(published 06 April 2020). |
[ 2 ] | Yingfei,Z ,Zheng,M. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal Research Public Health,2020; 17(7),2381. |
[ 3 ] | Galea,S,Merchant,R,Lurie,N. The mental health consequences of covid-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention.2020; JAMA, Intern Med doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562. |
[ 4 ] | Pfefferbaum, B, & North, CS. Mental Health and the Covid – 19 Pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine,2020; 383 (6), 510 – 512. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2008017. |
[ 5 ] | Coutenay, K, & Perera, B. COVID – 19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine,2020; 1 – 6. doi: 10.1017/ipm/2020.45. |
[ 6 ] | Claes,C,van Hove,G,Vandevelde,S, van Loon,J, &Schalock,RL. The influence of supports strategies,environmental factors, and client characteristics on quality of life-related personal outcomes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2012; 33(1),96-103. |
[ 7 ] | Reindres,H,&Schalock,RL. How organizations can enhance the quality of life of their clients and assess their results. The concept of quality of life enhancement. Journal of Intellectual and Development Disabilities,2014;119,291-302. |
[ 8 ] | Gomez,L E,Verdugo,MA, Arias,B,Navas,P,&Schalock,RL. The development and use of provider profiles at the organizational and systems level. Evaluation and Program Planning,2013;40,17-26. |
[ 9 ] | Liu, B. Quality of life Indicators in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: A Statistical Analysis, N.Y.:1976; Praeger. |
[ 10 ] | Wallander,J,Koot,H. Quality of life in children: A critical examination of concepts, approaches, issues, and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review,2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.106/j.cpr.2015.11.007. |
[ 11 ] | Cammins, RA, Li,N, Wooden,M,& Stokes,M. A demonstration of set -points for subjective wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Study,2014; 15,183-206. |
[ 12 ] | Ruggeri, M, Nose, M, Bonetto, C, et al. Changes and predictors of change in objective and subjective quality of life: Multiwave follow-up study in community psychiatric practice. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2005;187(2), pp.121-130. |
[ 13 ] | Shalock,R,Bonham,G,Marchand,C. Consumer based quality of life assessment: a path model of perceived satisfaction. Evaluation and Program Planning,2000; 23,77-87. |
[ 14 ] | Razik K. & Beecham J. Review of Factors Important in Use of Survey Data for Quality and Performance Improvement. QORU Discussion Paper. Quality and Outcomes of person‐centered care policy Research Unit (QORU), 2014; Canterbury. |
[ 15 ] | World Health Organization WHOQOL: Study Protocol: Division of Mental Health. 1993; Geneva: World Health Organization. |
[ 16 ] | De Kroon, M,Hodiamot,P. Meten van Kwaliteit van Leven in kinderpsychiatrie. Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie,2008; 50(11) 725-734. |
[ 17 ] | Shalock,R,Verdugo,M,Gomez,L,Reinders,H. Moving us Toward a Theory of Individual Quality of Life. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability,2016; 121(1);1-12. |
[ 18 ] | Barry, MM & Crosby,C. Quality of life as en evaluative measure in assessing the impact of community care on people with long-term psychiatric disorders, British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996;168, 210-216. |
[ 19 ] | Verdugo,M,Shalock,R,Keith,K,Stancliffe,R. Quality of Life and its Measurement :Important Principles and Guidelines. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2005; 49(10)707-717. |
[ 20 ] | Reindres,H,&Schalock,RL. How organizations can enhance the quality of life of their clients and assess their results. The concept of quality of life enhancement. Journal of Intellectual and Development Disabilities,2014; 119,291-302. |
[ 21 ] | Brown, I, Hatton,C,&Emerson,E. Quality of life indicators for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Extending current practice. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,2013; 51,316-332. |
[ 22 ] | Hamming,JF,De Vries. Measuring quality of life. British Journal of Surgery,2007; 94:923-924. |
[ 23 ] | Testa,MA,Simonson,DC. Assessment of quality of life outcomes. Current Concepts.1996; 334:835-840. |
[ 24 ] | Simões,,C,Santos,S. Comparing the quality of life of adults with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual &Developmental Disability.2016; Vol. 60(4), 378-388 |
[ 25 ] | Stöppler,R. Einführung in die Pädagogik bei geistiger Behinderung. München: 2017; Ernst Reinhardt Verlag |
[ 26 ] | Albrecht,GL, Seelman,KD&Bury,M. An Institutional History of Disability. In G.L. Albrecht,K.D.,Seelman&M.Bury,(Ed.), Handbook of Disability Studies 2001;(pp.11-68).Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications |
[ 27 ] | Cluley,V.(2017).From Learning disability to intellectual disability- Perceptions of the increasing use of the term ”intellectual disability” in learning disability policy, research and practice.2017; British Journal of Learning Disabilities, https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12209 |
[ 28 ] | Schalock,RL,Gardner,JF,&Bradley,VJ. Quality of life for people with intellectual and other developmental disabilities. 2017;AAIDD. |
[ 29 ] | Shalock,RL,Borthwick-Duffy,SA,Bradley,VJ et al. Intellectual disability: Diagnosis, classification and systems of supports. 2010;(11th ed.). Washington,DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities |
[ 30 ] | Simões, C,Santos,S. Understanding the gaps among citizens with and without intellectual disability: the role of the quality of life paradigm. 2019; workjournal, International Congress of Health and Well- being Intervention. |
[ 31 ] | Wilson,KS, Wiersma,LD, &Rubin,DA. Quality of life in children with Prader Willi syndrome: Parent and child reports. Research in Developmental Disabilities,2016; 57(1), 149-157 |
[ 32 ] | Hensel,E,Rose,J,Stenfert Kroese,B,&Banks-Smith. Subjective judgments of quality of life: A comparison study between people with intellectual disability and those without disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2002;46(2),95-107. |
[ 33 ] | Ribeiro, J,Silva, T,Varela,C. Quality of life of people with DID with significant support needs: A comparative study with non DID pairs. Research and Networks in Health,2017; 3(1), 1-11. |
[ 34 ] | Schalock,RL,Keith,KD. Quality of Life Questionnaire Manual.1993; IDS Publishing Corporation. |
[ 35 ] | Beck,AT,Steer,RA,&Brown,GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory.1996; San Antonio,TX: Psychological Corporation. |
[ 36 ] | Spielberger, CD. State-trait Anxiety Inventory: A Comprehensive Bibliography.2nd edn. Palo Alto,1989; CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. |
[ 37 ] | Verdugo,MA,Navas,P,Gomez,L,Shalock,RL. The concept of quality of life and it’s role in enhancing human rights in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research.2012; 56,(11), 1036-1045. |
[ 38 ] | Fridman,C. The COVID-19 pandemic and quality of life outcomes of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal,2021; Vol 14(4), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101117. |
[ 39 ] | Kaljača,S,Dučić,B,Dordić,S. Quality of life in adults with intellectual disabilities- Objective Indicators. Speciljalna edukacija i rehabilitacia 2018;doi: 364-787-053.8-056.313. |
[ 40 ] | van Asselt-Goverts,AE,Embregts,PJC,&Hendricks,AHC. Social networks of people with mild intellectual disabilities: Characteristics, satisfaction, wishes and quality of life. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2015; 59(5), 450-461.doi 10.1111/jir.12143. |
[ 41 ] | Hoppe,S. Chronic Illness as a source of Happiness. Paradox or perfectly normal? Health, Culture and Society, 2013;Vol5 (1) 265-278. |
[ 42 ] | Fellinghauer,B,Reinhardt,JD,Stucki,G, et al. Explaining the disability paradox: A cross-sectional analysis of the Swiss general population. BMC Public Health,2012; 12(1),655-664. |
[ 43 ] | Ubel, PA,Loewenstein,G,Schwarz,N,&Smith,D. Misimagining the unimaginable The disability paradox and health care decision making. Health Psychology, 2005;24(4),557-562. |
[ 44 ] | Dumn,DS, &Brody,C. Defining the good life following acquired physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 2008; 53(4),413-425. |
[ 45 ] | Fabian, E. Using quality of life indicators in Rehabilitation Program Evaluation, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 1991; 34, 344-356. |
[ 46 ] | Cheng, Sheung-Tak. Subjective quality of life in the planning and evaluation of programs, Evaluation and Program Planning, 1988; 11, 123-134. |
[ 47 ] | Michalos,AC. Satisfaction and happiness, Social Indicators Research,1980; 8: 385- 422. |
[ 48 ] | Bramston,P,Chipuer,H,&Pretty,G. Conceptual principles of quality of life: an empirical exploration. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2005; 49(10) 728-733. |
[ 49 ] | Lunsky, Y. Individual Differences in Interpersonal Relationships for Persons with Mental Retardation. Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 2006; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. |
[ 50 ] | Cummins, RA., Law, ALD. Personal Well-Being Index-School Children 2005; (PWI-SC). |
[ 51 ] | Bouck,EC. Secondary students with moderate/severe intellectual disability: Considerations of curriculum and post-school outcomes from the National Longitudinal Transition Study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2012; 56(12),1175-1186. |
[ 52 ] | Σούλης,Σ, Φλωρίδης,Θ. Ποιότητα ζωής και νέοι με Νοητική Υστέρηση: Αναζητώντας τις επιλογές τους με βάση το Δικαίωμα της Αυτοδιάθεσης.Ψυχολογία,2006; 13(2),1-13… |
[ 53 ] | Forte,M,Jahoda,A,&Dagnan,D. An Anxious time? Exploring the nature of worries experienced by young people with mild to moderate intellectual disability as they make the tansition to adulthood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,2011; 50,398-411. |
[ 54 ] | Miller,SM,&Chan,F. Predictors of life satisfaction in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2008; 52(12),1039-1047. |
[ 55 ] | Ali,M, Schur,L,& Blank,P. What types of jobs do people with disabilities want?.Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 2011; 21(2), 199-210. |
[ 56 ] | Flores,N,Moret-Tatay,Bermejo,B,Vazquez,A,Jenaro,C.Assessment of Occupational Health and Job Satisfaction in Workers with Intellectual Disability: A Job Demands-Resources Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2021; (18),4, 2072, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042072. |
[ 57 ] | Carter, WE,Brock,EM,Trainor,AA. Transition Assessment and Planning for Youth With Severe Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The Journal of Special Education,2014; 47(4), 245-255. |
[ 58 ] | Ellem,K, O’Connor,M, Wilson,J, Williams,S. Social work with marginalized people who have a mild or borderline intellectual disability: Practicing Gentleness and Encouraging Hope. Australian Social Work, 2013; Vol.66, (1), 56-71. |
[ 59 ] | Miller,SM,&Chan,F. Predictors of life satisfaction in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2008; 52(12),1039-1047 |
[ 60 ] | Strnadová ,I Evans, D. Subjective quality of life of women with intellectual disabilities: the role of perceived control over their own life in self-determined behavior. J.App.Research of Intelelctual Disability,2012; 25(1), 71-79. |
[ 61 ] | Wehmeyer, LM. Self-Determination and Mental Retardation in International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. 2001; Vol 24. ISBN 9780080544281 |
[ 62 ] | McCausland, D,McCallion, P,Brennan,D,McVarron,M. Interpersonal relationships of older adults with an intellectual disability in Ireland. JARID, 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12352. |
[ 63 ] | Rogers,NB,Hawkins,BA,&Eklund,SJ. The nature of leisure in the lives of older adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 1998; 42(2), 122-130. |
[ 64 ] | McCausland,D,McCallion, P,Luus,R,Murphy,E. The impact of COVID-19 on the social inclusion of older adults with an intellectual disability during the first wave of the pandemic in Ireland. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2021; 65(10), http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jir.12862. |
[ 65 ] | Merrels,J, Buchanan,A,Waters,R. The experience of social inclusion for people with Intellectual disability within community recreational programs: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 2017; https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2017.1283684. |
[ 66 ] | Clegg,JA.,Standen,PJ. Friendship among adults who have developmental disabilities. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 1991; 95(6), 663-671. |
[ 67 ] | Causland,D, McCallion, P, Carrol, R, McCarron, M. The nature and quality of friendships for older adults with an intellectual disability in Ireland. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12851. |
[ 68 ] | Friedman,C,Rizzolo,C. Friendship, Quality of Life and People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,2018; 30, 39-54. |
[ 69 ] | Edwards,B,Cameron,D,King, G,McPherson,A. Contextual strategies to support social inclusion for children with or without disabilities in recreation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021; Vol 43 (11), 1615-1625. |
[ 70 ] | Gacek,M,Krzywoszanski,L. Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Students with Developmental during COVID-19 Lockdown in Poland. Front Psychiatry, 2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.576867. |
[ 71 ] | Sieberer, U,Kaman,A,Erhart,M,Devine,J,Schlack,R,Otto,C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5. |
[ 72 ] | Necho,M,Birkie,M,Gelaye,H,et al. Depression, anxiety symptoms, Insomnia and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic period among individuals living with disabilities in Ethiopia. Plos One 2020; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244530. |